The United Nations, UN, says some arms looted during the Libyan conflict in 2011 have ended up in the hands of extremist groups in Nigeria
Izumi Nakamitsu, the UN Under-Secretary-General and High Representative for Disarmament Affairs, who was part of the delegates gathered to tackle the global spread of illicit firearms, has expressed regret that weapons continue to fuel violence in communities long after wars end, causing devastation across one-time peaceful communities.
She cited “Libya, where weapons looted or diverted during and after the 2011 conflict which ended the rule of Muammar Gadaffi later surfaced across the wider Sahel region, including in Niger, Burkina Faso, and Nigeria.”
“Some were subsequently found in the hands of extremist groups, illustrating how arms from one conflict can destabilize neighboring countries years later.
“The end of the conflict does not mean the end of the circulation of those weapons; it stays and it continues to harm people,” Nakamitsu said.
In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, the UN says proliferation of small arms can undermine peacebuilding efforts long after fighting subsides.
Weapons retained by armed groups, militias or communities for self-protection can contribute to renewed violence and instability, she stressed.
According to her, illicit weapons are also linked to human rights abuses, terrorism and sexual and gender-based violence.
“It is not just a security issue. It is also about peacebuilding. It is about human rights. It is also about development,” Nakamitsu said.
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She said years after conflicts fade from the headlines, the weapons used to fight them often continue to circulate, crossing borders, fuelling crime and undermining an often-fragile peace.
“Wars end, but unfortunately, the weapons that are used in that particular conflict would not be under full control,” Nakamitsu said.
“They continue to circulate. They are sometimes hidden. They are brought across borders.”
She expressed concerns that the emergence of ghost guns, 3D-printed firearms and increasingly sophisticated trafficking networks are creating new challenges for governments worldwide.
“Those weapons or weapon parts, if they are disassembled and then trafficked, are more difficult to trace,” Nakamitsu said.
UN member states adopted an action programme in 2001, committing to strengthen national legislation, improve stockpile security, combat illicit trafficking, and expand international cooperation.
A major milestone followed in 2005 with the adoption of the International Tracing Instrument, which established global standards for marking, recording, and tracing the illegal weaponry.
The framework helps investigators identify where illicit weapons originated and how they entered illegal markets, while reducing the risk of diversion from legal stockpiles.
The UN supports implementation through technical assistance, policy guidance, and capacity-building programmes aimed at helping governments secure weapons stockpiles, improve tracing systems and strengthen border controls.
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